Sun.+13-16


 * Dear Sun. 13-16 students, **
 * Your outlines have been commented and draft marked, please go over the comments, make the necessary changes and reply in the discussion forum or under the comment if necessary. Thank you once more. You literally killed me till you get the hang of this Wiki. However, well done for your effort so far! :) Hanieh Akbarimehr **

Pneumonia I.Classification ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍A. ‍cuase‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ 1.community-acquired 2.aspiration 3.healthcare-associated 4.hospital-acquired 5.ventilator-associated B.area of lung 1.lobar pneumonia 2.bronchial pneumonia 3.acute interstitial pneumonia II.Signs and symptoms A.cough B.fever C.shortness of breath D.sputum E.chest pain III.Causes A.bacteria 1.//streptococcus// //pneumoniae// 2.//‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍chlamydophilia pneumoniae// ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ B.viruses 1.//rhinovirus// 2.//coronavirus// IV.prevention A.vaccination B.environmental C.other ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Vida Tajiknia ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

Phobias I.Signs and symptoms of phobias A.Physical signs and symptoms of a phobia 1.Having difficulty in breathing 2.Sweating 3.Shaking and feeling dizzy B.Emotional signs and symptoms of a phobia 1.Feeling an intense needsmoking ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍I. ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Bad effects A.Health problems 1.Cancer ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍a. ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Lung cancer b.Oral cancer 2.Respiratory system problems a.Not able to scape (When you have an 'a', you got to have a 'b' too!! ) 2.Feeling like you are going to die or pass out 3.Fear of losing control or going crazy II.Treatmentsrun for phobias A.Self-help treatments 1.Facing fears gradually 2.Learning relaxation techniques 3.Fighting against negative thoughts B.Medication treatments 1.Using unti-anxiety drugs 2.Using untidepressant drugs 3.Not using stimulants such as cocaine,cafeine,... ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Setareh Mahmoodi ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

Alzheimer's disease ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍i ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍.Causes 1.Environmental factors (a) a former serious head injury (b) lower levelslong distance b.Deformation of formal education (c) lower socioeconomic status 2. Inherited factors (a) congenital illness 3. Lifestyle factors (a) age (b) job ii. Symptoms and Happening 1. Internal (a) shrinking and death of nerve cells in several areas of brain (b) formation of plaques (c) tangles inside nerve cells (d) shrinking the brain and smoothen the wrinkles 2. External (a) form of dementia (b) memory loss iii. Diagnosis Test 1. Medical history 2. Physical examination (a) evaluation of hearing (b) sight as well aslungs 3.Cardiovascular system problems a.Not able to do hard activities b.High blood pressure (c) pulse reading 3. Standard laboratory tests (a) blood (b) urine test 4. Spinal fluid 5. Neuropsychological testing 6. Brain-imaging scan ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Mohsen Moghtaderi ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

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Cancer I. Causes A. Genetical a. genome mutants b. inherited B.Social problems ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍B. ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Smoking C. Bad diet D. Different industrial pollutions 1.Problem in environment a. air pollutions b. water pollutions c. pollutions that are added to farm lands E. Cancer stem cells (is a hypothesis) F. Stress a. family problems b. social problems c. economical problems d. educational problems II. Diagnosis A. Pain in patient B. Other related symptoms C. ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍By happen ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ a. ordinary blood test (for leukemia) b. ordinary imaging techniques such as MRI or CT Scan III. Treatment A. Chemotherapy a. cytotoxic agents b. semi cytotoxic agents B. Surgery C. Anti-angiogenesis therapy a. MMPs inhibitors b. VEGF inhibitors 1. anti-bodies 2. synthetic products 3. natural products i. using phytopharmacological resources ii. using human/animal resources ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Life is not bed of roses ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Amir.H.Norooznezhad

Older Adults ‍‍‍‍‍‍at Riskmaking friend‍‍‍‍‍‍ a.Bad smell b.Harmful effects on others 2.Bad ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍roll ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ models for Sleep Apnea I. The incidence and prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in older adults II. Estimating that 7 to 18 million people in the US are affected with sleep-disordered breathing A. Increase in risk of OSA with 2 to 3 fold with aging, up to 65. B. Little difference in risk over the age of 65, most likely due to increased overall mortality III. The common signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea A. The most common signs and symptoms of OSA 1. Snoring 2. Daytime sleepiness 3. Sleep apnea B. Additional symptoms 1. Choking 2. Restlessness 3. Diaphoresis 4. Reflux 5. Dry mouth 6. Nasal congestion 7. Poor concentration IV. The best assessment approaches and common treatments A. The best assessment starts with a thorough sleep history and clinical examination. 1. Using “The Epworth Sleepiness Scale” to determine the severity of daytime sleepiness a person is experiencing. 2. Performing “Polysomnography” to determine the presence and severity of the sleep disorder. B. Common treatments include behavioral interventions. 1. Weight loss. 2. Side-lying positions. 3. Alcohol and tobacco cessation. 4. Good sleep hygiene. V. The reason that older adults are affected differently than younger adults. A. Older people tend to achieve less total nighttime sleep. B. As 3.making pollution a.The air b.The enviroment II.Good effects A.Makes you relax B.Makes the person ages and retires, ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍they become less sensitive to sleep cues. ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Reza.Ghoreshi


 * Masoud you are so dead! Why did you erase all the outlines to write yours? I had to spend an amount of time to be able to re-enter them all! Please be careful what you do guys! Just type yours and then save! Done! Not a big deal really! Gonna check your out-lines soon! Good luck writing! Hanieh **

l.‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Physically ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ A. Hereditary diseases 1. pass down from parents’ genes 2. mutation or change to DNA B. Physiological diseases 1. cancer 2. allergies 3.infections 4.heart diseases C. Deficiency diseases 1.anemia 2.scurvy 3.rickets ll. Me<range type="comment" id="244603">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ntally ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ diseases A.Neurotic diseases 1.Compulsive disorders 2.Phobic disorders 3.Hysterical disorders B.Psychotic behavior 1.Organic psychosis 2.Functional psychosis a.Schizophrenic reactions b.Paranoid reactions C.Affective reactions
 * DISEASES **
 * DISEASES **

<range type="comment" id="59242">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Tara Khoeini ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

Depression l.Depression Types A.Major depression(clinical) B.Choronic depression(dysthymia) ll.Symptoms A.sadness,anxiety,irritability B.loss of energy C.feelings of guilt,hopelessness D.Insomnia lll.CAUSES A.<range type="comment" id="593053">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Biology ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ .changes in the neurotransmiters. B.Genetics C.Age D.Health conditions a.cancer b.heart disease c<range type="comment" id="363887">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍.thyroid ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ problem d.chronic pain llll.Treatments and ways to cure A.depression medicines B.psychotheraphy C.electric shock treatments

‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Azade Noruzi (N is CAPITAL)

"Otitis media"

I.Classification A)Acute B)Chronic suppurative C)Serious

II.Sign & Symptoms A)Spare pressure behind the eardrum B)Rupture tympanic membrane C)A long period hearing loss D)Severe earache E)Tinnitus F)Sense of fullness in the ear G)Irritability H)Unwillingness to lie down I)Headache

III.Causes A)Infection 1.Viral a.Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) 2.Bacterial a.Streptococcus pneumonia b.Pseudomonas aeruginosa c.Haemophilus influenzae d.Moraxella catarrhalis B)Foods allergy 1.Milk of cow 2.Eag white 3.Wheat 4.Peanut product 5.Tomato

IV.Diagnosis A)With monocular otoscope B)With tympanometry
 * <range type="comment" id="576733">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Fatemeh Masoudi ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍**

= Pulmonary tuberculosis =

l.Causes
//Mycobacterium tuberculosis// A. breathing B. cough A.usual B.unusual
 * ll.prevalence**
 * C**. sneeze
 * D**.speak
 * lll.Symptoms**
 * 1.Cough (usually cough up mucus)
 * 2.Coughing up blood
 * 3.Excessive sweating, especially at night
 * 4.Fatigue
 * 5.Fever
 * 6.Unintentional weight loss
 * 1.Breathing difficulty
 * 2.Chest pain
 * 3.Wheezing

lV.Signs and tests

 * A.Clubbing of the fingers or toes (in people with advanced disease)
 * B.Enlarged or tender lymph nodes in the neck or other areas
 * C.Fluid around a lung (pleural effusion)
 * D.Unusual breath sounds (crackles)

V.Treatment
A.The most commonly used drugs include: B.Other drugs that may be used to treat TB include:
 * 1.Isonizid
 * 2.Rifampin
 * 3.Pyrazinamide
 * 4.Ethambutol
 * 1.Amikacin
 * 2.Ethionamide
 * 3.Moxifloxacin
 * 4.Para-aminosalicylic acid
 * 5.Streptomycin

Vl.Prevention
A.exposed to an infected person B.Skin testing (PPD) 1.for TB is used in high risk populations 2. people who may have been exposed to TB, such as health care workers. C.vaccine

<range type="comment" id="120368">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Mehrad.Rokni ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

<range type="comment" id="650719">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Lose weight ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍

I. Not to drink coffee A. To cut out 200 calories a day B. To <range type="comment" id="232988">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Loose ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ 10pounds in a year II. Not To use from unnecessary calories A. To use nonstick pots and pans B. To avoid calorie- laden salad dressing III. Not to use fast- food and frying foods A. To substitute broiling or baking for frying B. To substitute vegetable and salad for fast food <range type="comment" id="780792">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ZEINAB AFZALI ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍
 * 1) To use from a small spoonful low-fat dressing
 * 2) To use from a dash of lemon and pepper instead of dressing


 * Obesity**

I. Causes A. Lack of physical activity B. Genes C. Eating processed or fast food D. Not eating fruit, vegetables and unrefined carbohydrates E. <range type="comment" id="373730">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Drinking too much alcohol ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ F. Eating out a lot H. Comfort eating II. Risks A. Coronary artery disease B. Hypertension C. Type II diabetes D. Feelings of insecurity, decreased self-esteem and body image III. Treatments A. Dietary 1. Low calorie diets a. Adaptive decrease in energy expenditure b. Decreased muscle mass c Reduced norepinephrine induced thermogenesis d. Decrease in fat cell lipolysis e. Decrease glycogen stores 2. Dietary fat reduction a. Food less palatable b. Protein and carbohydrates convert to body fat less readily c. Blood sugar instability (increased glycaemia index) 3. Low carbohydrate diets a. More promising than once thought i. Blood lipids ii. Adherence b. Body converts lean muscle mass and/or dietary protein to glucose via gluconeogenesis c. Possible initial low energy d. More pronounced decrease glycogen stores A. Pharmacology 1. Phenylpropanoline 2. Amphetamines 1. Ephedrine, caffeine, aspirin A. Surgical methods B. Exercise 1. Energy cost of activities 2. Post exercise resting energy expenditure 3. Possible long term increase of resting energy expenditure 4. Initial rise in adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis 5. Rise of diet-induced thermogenesis i. Energy cost of digestion, absorption, transformation of storage ii. Inconsistent findings 1. Possible increase of muscle mass i. Metabolically active ii. Contributes to body aesthetics 1. Increase functional strength 2. Increase health 3. Assists in maintenance of weight loss
 * <range type="comment" id="312140">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Zahra Rafiee Nejad (ZRN) ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍**